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Wavelength selective switching
Wavelength selective switching components are used in WDM optical communications networks to route (switch) signals between optical fibres on a per-wavelength basis.
==What is a WSS==
A WSS comprises a switching array that operates on light that has been dispersed in wavelength without the requirement that the dispersed light be physically demultiplexed into separate ports. This is termed a ‘disperse and switch’ configuration. For example an 88 channel WDM system can be routed from a “common” fiber to any one of N fibers by employing 88 1 x N switches. This represents a significant simplification of a demux and switch and multiplex architecture that would require (in addition to N +1 mux/demux elements) a non-blocking switch for 88 N x N channels〔D.J. Bishop, C.R. Giles, and G.P. Austin, “The Lucent LambdaRouter: MEMS Technology of the Future Here Today,” Communications Magazine, IEEE 40, no. 3 (March 2002): 75 –79〕 which would test severely the manufacturability limits of large-scale optical cross-connects for even moderate fiber counts.
A more practical approach, and one adopted by the majority of WSS manufacturers is shown schematically in Figure 1 ''(to be uploaded)''. The various incoming channels of a common port are dispersed continuously onto a switching element which then directs and attenuates each of these channels independently to the N switch ports. The dispersive mechanism is generally based on holographic or ruled diffraction gratings similar to those used commonly in spectrometers. It can be advantageous, for achieving resolution and coupling efficiency, to employ a combination of a grating and a reflective or transmissive grating – known as a GRISM. The operation of the WSS can be bidirectional so the wavelengths can be multiplexed together from different ports onto a single common port. To date, the majority of deployments have used a fixed channel bandwidth of 50 or 100 GHz and 9 output ports are typically used!
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